One-liners — The Age of Industrialisation
Chapter 4 · Class 10 History
Key Facts (20) — One-liner Revision
Mentor-curated facts for last-mile revision. Each line is exam-grade — dates, names, and turning points you can quickly memorise.
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Proto-industrialisation refers to large-scale rural production for international markets in seventeenth and eighteenth-century Europe, before factories arose.
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European urban guilds held monopoly trade rights, forcing merchants to move to the countryside for production.
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England's earliest factories appeared by the 1730s, but their numbers multiplied only in the late eighteenth century.
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Britain's raw cotton imports rose from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 22 million pounds by 1787.
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Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill, bringing all stages of cloth production under one roof and management.
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James Watt patented his improved steam engine in 1781; his friend Matthew Boulton manufactured the new model.
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At the start of the nineteenth century only 321 steam engines existed in all of England, 80 in cotton industries.
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By 1873 Britain exported iron and steel worth roughly £77 million, double its cotton exports.
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The Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargreaves in 1764 and was attacked by women hand-spinners in the woollen industry.
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Mid-nineteenth-century Britain produced 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes by hand for upper-class buyers.
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Surat's annual trade collapsed from Rs 16 million in the late seventeenth century to Rs 3 million by the 1740s.
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After the 1760s, the East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check cloth quality.
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Indian piece-goods exports fell from 33 per cent of value in 1811-12 to just 3 per cent by 1850-51.
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By 1850, cotton piece-goods made up over 31 per cent of Indian imports; by the 1870s, more than 50 per cent.
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The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and went into production two years later.
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Bengal's first jute mill was set up in 1855; Seth Hukumchand opened the first Indian-owned jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.
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J.N. Tata established India's first iron and steel works at Jamshedpur in 1912.
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India's factory workforce grew from 584,000 in 1901 to over 2,436,000 by 1946.
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Over 50 per cent of Bombay cotton mill workers in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.
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By 1941, more than 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with the fly shuttle, reaching 70-80 per cent in Travancore, Madras and Bengal.